Based on and in connection with mesotemtorial studies, the article examines the features of the modem rural settlement system of a typical agricultural region of Kazakhstan - the North Kazakhstan region. Over the 270-year history of agricultural development in the region, a network of rural settlements has been formed and complicated depending on the prevailing trends in government policy. The relevance o f the study is dictated by the post-Soviet depopulation of the rural population, due to the agricultural specialization of the region and the monopolization of the rural labor market. The analysis has been carried out and the factors of the formation of the rural settlement system of the region have been identified, its main types have been identified.

Based on and in connection with mesoterritorial studies of the regional service sector, the article examines the potential of gastronomic tourism in the North Kazakhstan region. The need to develop the non-manufacturing sector is dictated solely by the agricultural specialization of the region and the monopolization of the rural labor market. At the same time, the available tangible and intangible assets allow for the full-scale development of service sectors, especially gastronomic tourism. Various gastronomic products are offered that can have a multiplier effect on the service economy and the sustainable development of the region as a whole.

Currently, there is a steady increase in the production of plastic products using rotational molding. According to Market.US, a reputable marketing company, the average annual growth rate of rotational molding in the world from 2025 to 2034 is expected to be 5.7%. To further promote the "green economy" principles in rotational molding, there is a need for a significant increase in the use of renewable raw materials, particularly wood-based products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research into the development of polyethylene-based formulations reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers such as sisal, pine, flax, and maple for rotational molding. Research on fiber-reinforced composites shows that both the type and content of lignocellulosic fibers significantly affect the final properties of the resulting products. For example, impact strength and hardness depend significantly on fiber inclusion, with optimal results achieved at a certain fiber concentration. Chemical treatments such as mercerization or other surface modifications are often used to improve fiber adhesion to the matrix, thereby improving mechanical properties. Overall, understanding the relationship between processing conditions, fiber characteristics, and chemical treatment is critical for tailoring composite properties to various industrial applications.

The article presents the results of digitizing herbarium specimens of the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae) collected in the Kyzylzhar district of the North Kazakhstan region and stored in the herbarium fund of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University (SQU). As a result of this work, 200 specimens belonging to 46 species were systematized, georeferenced, and published on the international platform GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) for open scientific access.

A structured database in the Darwin Core Archive format was created, providing open access to regional floristic materials. Analysis of the species composition revealed the dominance of meadow-steppe genera (Lathyrus, Astragalus, Trifolium, Melilotus), and showed that the peak of herbarium collection occurred in the 1970s–1980s, during the period of active field training.

The modern stage (2020–2025) is characterized by the transition to digital methods of data processing and publication, reflecting the integration of regional botanical research into the global biodiversity monitoring system. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of herbarium digitization for preserving botanical heritage and promoting scientific data exchange within global initiatives for studying the flora of Kazakhstan.

The article examines changes in the age structure and reproductive potential of the roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) in the Ural River (Zhaiyk) over a five-year period from 2020 to 2024. Based on field observations and fishery catches, an analysis was carried out of the distribution of age groups, sex ratio, average fecundity, morphometric characteristics, and the condition factor of the population. It was found that during the study years, the spawning stock was predominantly formed by individuals aged 3–5 years. In 2024, an increase in the proportion of 5-year-old fish and a temporary rise in the mean age to 4.1 years were recorded, which may reflect the successful survival of cohorts from previous years.

The average individual fecundity ranged from 23.6 to 38.9 thousand eggs, showing a decreasing trend in 2024. Nevertheless, the numerical predominance of young and middle-aged fish maintains the reproductive potential of the population at a stable level. The sex composition was characterized by a strong dominance of females (up to 97.2% in some years), which enhances the reproductive capacity of the species.

The findings indicate that the population of the roach in the Ural River retains ecological stability under conditions of anthropogenic impact and changing hydrological factors, while also emphasizing the importance of regular monitoring of its biological characteristics to ensure sustainable management of the fish resources in the Ural-Caspian basin.

Important changes in the phenological phases of development of many species of harmful insects observed due to unfavorable environmental conditions, high and low temperatures, drought and high humidity, lack of nutrition and other natural and anthropogenic impacts observed in recent decades.  The main reason for the recorded changes in the range and harmfulness of many species of insect pests, considered internal quarantine for our country, is the possibility of abnormal effects during the formation of the winter abundance of the species. Observations conducted on cultivated food crops and industrially important garden plots in Azerbaijan — including greenhouses and the landscaping of parks and alleys in urban and populated areas — have shown noticeable changes in the distribution and phenological development of many harmful insect species. These species, which in previous years were observed only in very limited areas, are now spreading more widely within the cultivated flora.

Based on the conducted research and phytosanitary monitoring, it was found that the population density decrease or increase observed in natural habitats and modern agrocenoses of many harmful insect species under Absheon Peninsula conditions is highly dependent on the amount of winter reserve of that species. For this reason, the estimation of the existing winter (wintering) stock of special dangerous insect species spreading in the region in order to predict the probable degree of damage has a very important ecological and economic significance. The article provides research data on the current state of distribution and the probable forecast of the future development of the following dangerous pest insect species distributed in the region: American white butterfly (Hyphantria cunea Dru), Olive moth (Euphyullura olivina), Tomato moth (Tuta obsoluta).

The article examines the role of UX/UI design in the system of modern teacher training. The author emphasizes that digital transformation in education requires teachers to acquire not only methodological but also design competencies. The paper analyzes the integration of UX/UI principles into pedagogical training, focusing on the process of creating educational interfaces and visual components. An example of using Figma as a tool for visual modeling of educational modules is presented. The study concludes that mastering UX/UI design helps future educators develop the ability to design intuitive, efficient, and visually appealing digital learning environments.

The article discusses the application of a differentiated approach in 7th grade algebra classes as a means of improving students' academic performance. It analyzes the features of implementing this approach and its impact on improving students' academic performance and motivation. The goal is to test the effectiveness of the differentiated approach. A comparative analysis of students' academic performance before and after implementing the differentiated approach was conducted during a pedagogical experiment. The results confirmed the effectiveness of using different levels of difficulty in the tasks, as students demonstrated a higher level of understanding of the topic "Factoring Polynomials." The article discusses both the advantages and potential challenges associated with implementing this method.

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of developing mathematical giftedness in schoolchildren in the context of modern educational practice. On the one hand, the importance of this work is dictated by the state policy in the field of education, on the other hand, in practice it faces the lack of a unified strategy and a lack of resources in schools. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to create effective conditions for identifying and supporting talented children as the most important human resource. The purpose of the article is to analyze existing approaches to diagnosing and developing mathematical giftedness in schoolchildren. The leading research method was a survey of students of pedagogical directions and teachers, the results of which made it possible to identify both positive trends and shortcomings in educational practice. It was found that observation and participation in Olympiads are the most frequently used methods of identifying abilities, while projects and research, as well as the construction of individual trajectories, are currently actively used in teaching talented children, but systemic activities in this direction often depend on the personal initiative of teachers. The theoretical significance of the results lies in the substantiation of the need for a clear definition of the conceptual apparatus and structure of mathematical giftedness. The practical significance of the study lies in defining the elective course as one of the effective tools for in-depth and specialized work with gifted students, as well as in identifying directions for further methodological and organizational research.

In the context of the transformation of modern education, meta-teaching is considered as an effective mechanism for the formation of competencies for the continuous professional development of future teachers. The article reveals the conceptual foundations of meta-teaching, its structural components and functional capabilities in the pedagogical training system. The role of meta-teaching in the development of key skills of future teachers - metacognitive strategies, reflection, critical thinking and the ability to self-study, necessary for sustainable professional growth, is substantiated. Special attention is paid to effective strategies for the implementation of the meta-pedagogical approach in the educational process. The presented theoretical provisions and practical recommendations can be used in the design of teacher training programs focused on the formation of competencies for continuous professional development.

The article substantiates the importance of effective organization of educational activities, including systematic independent work and creative pedagogical communication. Particular attention is paid to the individual approach to the cadet, the development of critical thinking, practical skills and motivation for learning. The problem of insufficient speech development of cadets is considered separately, and ways to solve it are proposed, including through integration into the teaching of psychological disciplines.

Freelancing in modern society is one of the key forms of atypical employment caused by the digitalization of the economy and the spread of online platforms. This phenomenon refers to the performance of work on a project or temporary basis without entering into a traditional employment contract. Its development is associated with global changes in the organization of work, the growth of the "gig economy" and a change in the professional identity of workers.

A wide range of approaches to freelance analysis has emerged in the world literature. Economic and sociological studies consider it as a manifestation of flexible employment, focusing on income, status and motivation of freelancers. Legal publications address issues of social protection and taxation. The digitalization of the labor market has set new research objectives related to the functioning of platforms and the globalization of labor processes.

The Kazakh context remains insufficiently studied. In official statistics, freelancing is more often included in the category of self-employed, which makes it difficult to assess its scale. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of specialists working through digital platforms in the fields of IT, design and marketing.

The purpose of the article is to systematize existing research on freelancing, identify the main areas of analysis and identify gaps in the study of this phenomenon in Kazakhstan.

In modern conditions of socio-economic development, the study of the labor potential of the population is of particular importance, since it reflects not only the quantitative characteristics of employment, but also the qualitative parameters of the labor force that determine the competitiveness of the economy and the stability of the labor market. The paper examines the evolution of the concept of "labor potential", its role in the system of socio-economic categories and the approaches of various domestic and foreign researchers to its definition and structuring. It is shown that the labor potential is a multicomponent system, including psychophysiological, qualification, intellectual, socio-motivational and organizational-economic elements, which together form the ability of the population to effectively participate in labor activities.

Special attention is paid to the analysis of labor potential indicators in North Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan regions for 2022-2024. Based on statistical data, key trends in the dynamics of the number of unemployed, the labor force, employed and employed youth have been identified. It has been established that both regions are characterized by moderate unemployment and stable employment, but they differ in the dynamics of youth involvement in labor activity: in the North Kazakhstan region there is a gradual decrease, while in the East Kazakhstan region there is a moderate increase followed by stabilization. Demographic and migration factors affecting the long-term prospects of the region's labor potential are noted. The paper also examines key regulatory documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan aimed at developing the labor market, increasing employment efficiency and increasing labor participation of the population.

The analysis of foreign experience is presented, demonstrating the importance of digitalization of labor relations, the development of human capital and stimulating the participation of various age groups in economic activity. The results obtained emphasize the need for an integrated approach to the development of labor potential, taking into account modern technological and structural changes in the economy.

Currently, one of the tools for assessing land resources is digital technology, which enables comprehensive monitoring and analysis of land using satellite data of various spatial resolutions and materials obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles. The digital technology market offers various online platforms for managing agricultural activities, each with its own set of functionalities.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to increase the efficiency of spring soft wheat cultivation in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan and to identify varieties with high yield potential and adaptability to changing climatic conditions.

The article presents the results of a comparative study of spring soft wheat varieties of Kazakh and Chinese breeding, conducted in the fields of LLP «Servis-ZHARS».

The study found that the Chinese varieties are characterized by higher adaptability, resistance to lodging, and better grain productivity indicators.

The results confirm the high potential of introducing Chinese varieties, particularly Ximai 7 and Ximai 8, to improve the yield and stability of spring wheat grain production under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan.

Our goal, based on scientific research, is to improve the efficiency of winter rye grain production in Northern Kazakhstan and its suitability for processing and baking. This article examines the biological characteristics of winter rye varieties' adaptability to Northern Kazakhstan conditions and proposes a cultivation technology that takes into account the varieties' cold and drought tolerance. The introduction of winter rye into agricultural production is necessary to expand the primary focus of crop diversification in Northern Kazakhstan.

Agricultural production of this crop is aimed at increasing grain yield and technological quality, as well as its ability to withstand abiotic and biotic stresses. Winter rye has promising properties in cold climates: it begins development at minimum temperatures (0-2°C), tolerates severe frosts (down to -40°C), and grain ripening occurs at lower temperatures. Currently, the low efficiency of rye bread production and its high cost are due to the predominance of wheat cultivation in Kazakhstan.

Rye flour is imported from Russia and Belarus, although the region's soil and climate resources are conducive to the production of not only winter wheat but also winter rye, as there are varieties zoned or promising for cultivation in Northern Kazakhstan.

The article discusses trends in the development of modern concrete production, new technological directions and ways to improve the material composition. The factors affecting the strength and durability of concrete are analyzed and innovative solutions aimed at improving environmental and economic efficiency are characterized. In addition, the scientific foundations of self-regenerating, ultra-hard and environmentally friendly types of concrete will be outlined.

This article explores the issue of increasing the automation of technological processes at the Petropavlovsk Thermal Power Plant-2 using modern approaches to analyzing and modeling thermal, electrical, and organizational processes. This work is part of the scientific and experimental research conducted as part of a master's thesis.

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has transformed how networks are managed by separating control from data plane, making them more flexible and programmable However, throughput performance remains constrained by controller latency and the limited size of ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) in switches. To tackle this, Flow-Table Reduction Schemes (FTRS) offer a simple, software-driven fix. In this paper, we explore how SDN throughput optimization has evolved, compare popular controllers, and show where FTRS fits in. We share real-world results from implementing FTRS on the Ryu controller, discuss why these matters for cost and sustainability, and outline future directions like using machine learning and multi-controller setups for smarter, faster networks

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming education, shifting it from static courses to personalized, adaptive learning ecosystems. According to international organizations (including UNESCO), AI is becoming an infrastructural element of higher education; within this frame, intelligent agents (IAs) serve as a mechanism for integrating pedagogical objectives, learner data, and real-time adaptation strategies. This article aims to systematize the architectural and functional principles of using intelligent agents in educational technologies and to analyze implementation practices within contemporary AIEd. We trace the evolution from monolithic Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) to distributed Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) and dialog agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs). Empirical findings on the effectiveness of classical ITS are synthesized and compared with emerging practices of LLM-based agents on mass-scale platforms. The study’s novelty lies in an analytical comparison across three levels—architectural (ITS/MAS), instrumental (dialogic and analytic functions), and institutional (policies and deployment metrics)—grounded in evidence from 2023–2025. In addition, we formulate methodological guidelines for responsible adoption (explainability, fairness, and data protection) to balance automation with pedagogical oversight and to define requirements for scalable, ethical, and transparent learning ecosystems.

This study addresses the problem of classification to determine whether a text is authentic or genuine. It uses state-of-the-art deep learning architectures in natural language processing (NLP), the Bert, Albert and GPT-2 models. Using these advanced models, the study aims to develop accurate and robust classification approaches to effectively distinguish between fake and real news. The test result showed that the proposed method has the potential to be used in distinguishing news that does not contain truth from those that do.

This article examines the importance of personal data protection in the digital age and current issues in the field of cybersecurity. Personal data refers to information such as a person’s full name, personal identification number, address, phone number, and bank accounts. Breaches of data security may result in violations of individual rights and cause material and moral damage. The article analyzes the concept of personal data, modern protection methods, as well as legal and technical measures. Based on Kazakhstani and foreign experience, specific recommendations are provided.

Extensive work is being carried out in the Republic of Kazakhstan to unify legal terminology; however, inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the translation of terms into the state language remain in many normative legal acts. The authors argue that contradictions between the Kazakh and Russian versions of legal texts largely stem from the lack of terminological uniformity. Since independence, the development of the national legal language has gained importance, yet the authenticity and semantic equivalence of bilingual legal texts have not been fully ensured. The Message of the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan states that constitutional legality can be guaranteed only when legal norms in both languages are formulated equivalently in meaning. This article provides a comparative analysis of current legislation and highlights typical errors resulting from literal translation of legal terminology.

The article analyzes the artistic function of sound, verbal, and grammatical repetitions in the poetry of Magzhan Zhumabayev. It reveals the significance of these organized structures in the work and explains the reason for their use. The analysis takes into account the findings of Yu. Lotman, K. Zhumaliyev, and Z. Kabdolov.

Magzhan's work is a multifaceted phenomenon that needs to be examined from different perspectives. To understand the essence of his poetry, it is important to understand not only the meaning of the words, but also the legitimacy of the repeated units in a certain order and the reason for their use. The main goal of this article is to reveal the artistic essence of organized sequences and repetitions in the poet's work. The article analyzes the types of figures in the poet's poems and ballads, revealing their expressive thoughts, illustrated images, and sound. These tools reflect the novelty and specificity of the poet's work.

This article's research object is implicit evaluative semantics in literary texts based on Henry James's novels "The Wings of the Dove" and "Dubliners." The purpose of the analysis is to identify ways of expressing implicit evaluation and consider the evaluation situation's structural components in their adaptation to the author-reader communicative system. Among the methods used, the following stand out: text analysis, comparative-descriptive method of analyzing expression plans and content plans, and structural-component analysis of axiological meaning.

Authors consider the cognitive activity of the subject of evaluation as a theoretical justification for the emergence of implicit content, along with the asymmetry of the linguistic sign. As a result of the analysis, the authors conclude that the relationship between explicitness and implicitness in the semantics of evaluation and the regularity of verbalization of its structural elements depends on the type of communicative activity. The authors confirm that implicit evaluation belongs to the connotative area of meaning. Among the methods of implicit expression of evaluation, the authors highlight the technique of stylistic repetition, the selection of vocabulary that gives rise to the phenomena of enantiosemy and stylistic dissonance, and the creation of images.