Bulletin of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University
Peer-reviewed scientific journal "Bulletin of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University"
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PROSPECTS FOR USING RECYCLED POLYETHYLENE IN ROTARY COMPOSITES
The paper discusses modern methods of plastic waste disposal (in particular, polyethylene (PE), as the most common industrial polymer) and shows the greatest potential of PE waste recycling technology. A promising technology for recycling secondary PE (rPE) - rotational molding - has been selected. All sources in international patent databases and Scopus and Web of Science databases since 2000 have been analyzed in the field of using rPE in rotational molding. It has been shown that the introduction of rPE into rotational composites allows for the production of high-quality products while reducing production costs and simultaneously recycling PE waste. This significantly reduces the environmental impact on the environment. In conclusion, it is concluded that the use of rPE in rotational molding is promising and can contribute to the development of a green circular economy.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROALGAE IN REMOVING HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATER FROM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PLANTS
This review article examines modern research on the problem of wastewater pollution from machine-building enterprises with heavy metals and the possibilities of their biological purification using microalgae. The main sources of industrial wastewater formation, their chemical composition and approximate maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants are analyzed. The limitations of traditional physico-chemical cleaning methods are considered. The work describes in detail the mechanisms of bioremediation involving microalgae, including the processes of biosorption, bioaccumulation and complexation. Data on Chlorella vulgaris biological characteristics, resistance to contamination, and high efficiency of heavy metal removal under various conditions are presented. A comparison of the effectiveness of different types of microalgae is presented. The advantages and limitations of microalgae purification in terms of environmental safety, economic feasibility and resistance to changing environmental conditions are analyzed. In conclusion, the use of Chlorella vulgaris for environmentally safe and cost-effective wastewater treatment from heavy metals is considered promising, and the need for further research in this area is emphasized.
LIST OF BLOOD-SUCKING MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE) OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
To date, there is no annotated checklist of blood-sucking mosquito species of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The present publication provides a list of blood-sucking mosquito species compiled on the basis of an analysis of publications containing data on the fauna of haematophagous mosquitoes inhabiting the territory of Kazakhstan. In compiling the list, data from monographic summaries on the systematics, biology and ecology of mosquitoes, from supplements and revisions to these summaries, and from individual articles on the mosquitoes of Kazakhstan were used. According to the compiled list, the fauna of blood-sucking mosquitoes of the Republic of Kazakhstan currently comprises 69 species. Of these, 10 species belong to the genus Anopheles, one species each to the genera Uranotaenia and Coquillettidia, the genus Culiseta is represented by 6 species, the genus Aedes includes 42 species, and the genus Culex is represented by 9 species. Outdated taxon names of various ranks and synonymous species names that have lost their validity are frequently encountered in the literature. Taxonomic remarks on certain species are provided at the end of the list.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EISENIA FETIDA SAV. WHEN CULTIVATED ON A MIXTURE OF POPLAR LEAVES AND PEAT
Urban leaf litter is a potential source of vermicompost, but its possible contamination with heavy metals raises safety concerns for its use. We assessed the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida Sav. when cultivated on mixtures containing poplar leaves collected from five locations in the city of Tomsk (Russia) with varying anthropogenic loads (train station, Mikhailovsky park, river port, University park, and suburban control). After two months, the greatest biomass increase was observed in the mixture with leaves collected from the control point (8.87 g, 78.5%) and University park (8.74 g, 70.5%), while the smallest increase was in mixtures with leaves from the river port (5.70 g, 39.9%) and Mikhailovsky park (5.50 g, 43.0%). Cocoon production was highest in mixtures containing leaves from the control point (+138%) and University park (+94.8%), but decreased in mixtures containing leaves from the railway station (-40.9%). Juvenile growth was highest in mixtures containing leaves from Mikhailovsky park (+33.4 individuals). Overall, substrate quality in less polluted areas promotes better earthworm development. The data obtained will serve as a basis for rational leaf litter management in cities and for ensuring the safety of vermicompost production.
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PROSO MILLET GENE POOL FOR INCREASING ITS BREEDING POTENTIAL IN WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN
The aim of this research was to study the agronomic traits of common proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) used in productivity-enhancing plant breeding programs. The study was conducted in 2024-2025 on experimental field plots at the Aktobe Agricultural Experimental Station. Observations were made by using biometric measurements of plants height and morphological characteristics of their productivity. The biological material consisted of 176 proso millet genotypes of various origins; experimental data were collected for all the genotypes. Based on the results of a comprehensive assessment, the following genotypes that demonstrated superior thousand-grain weight, plant height, panicle length, growing period, and overall productivity were identified: Kormovoe 89, Yarkoe 6, Yarkoe 3, Merei (line Р-1553), Shortandinskoe 7, Shortandinskoe 10, K-10343, K-10312, K-9605, K-917, K-1923, Donskoe, Saratovskoe 7, Candidum 1025. These valuable genotypes can be recommended as sources for enhancing the productive properties of proso millet.
THE ROLE OF GREEN MANURE MIXTURES AND THEIR INCORPORATION METHODS IN THE FORMATION OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
Green manure crops and their mixtures are an important component of resource-saving agricultural technologies aimed at increasing soil fertility and improving soil biological conditions. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of legume-cereal, legume-oilseed, and cereal-oilseed green manure mixtures, under different incorporation methods, on soil fertility and health, compared to conventional and chemical fallow. To assess the biological condition of the soil, indicators of the soil microbiota (species and numerical composition of various ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms) were used. This article presents the results of an assessment of the microbial community in fallow fields using various green manure mixtures (peas + oats, oats + mustard, peas + mustard) and different incorporation methods during the 2024–2025 period. It was found that increased activity of soil bacteria was observed in 2024 in the soil under crops of the green manure mixtures peas + oats and peas + mustard. In 2025, a decrease in the amount of ammonia-producing and nitrogen-assimilating microorganisms was observed, accompanied by an increase in the proportion of fungal microflora in separate variants. More stable soil microbiota parameters were observed in the variants with mowing and plowing of the pea-oat mixture. It has been shown that the use of green manure mixtures contributes to the stabilization of the soil’s microbiological condition and the optimization of nitrogen transformation processes under conditions of interannual variability in climatic factors (precipitation and temperature). A comparative analysis was conducted of the effects of green manure mixtures with different botanical compositions and fallow predecessors on soil biological activity and organic matter decomposition processes. The use of green manure mixtures has a positive effect on the development of the soil microbial community compared to fallow and chemical fallow, indicating the potential of this agricultural practice to improve soil biological conditions. The results obtained expand our understanding of the role of green manure mixtures in regulating soil biological processes and can be used in the development of adaptive farming systems (soil-conserving, resource-saving, and biologically oriented).
ENVIRONMENTALLY EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM AGRICULTURAL WASTE IN THE CONTEXT OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY
The article addresses the issue of organic waste management in the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. Approximately 8.2 million tons of agricultural biomass are generated annually in the country. The implementation of circular economy principles is essential for its effective disposal. This study aims to develop a technology for the valorization of sorghum husks by extracting biologically active phenolic compounds. Sorghum is a drought-resistant crop promising for cultivation in arid zones. The study examined five sorghum varieties grown in South Kazakhstan: Daulet, Massino, Vakhsh, Sugar Sorghum, and Karabash. It was experimentally established that the average husk yield is 11.7% of the grain mass. This corresponds to the generation of 117 kg of secondary raw materials per ton of processed products. The extraction methodology was refined using the "Karabash" variety. The process was conducted using a 70% aqueous ethanol solution at a temperature of 50°C. The resulting extract has an intense burgundy color. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed a maximum absorption in the range of 500 –550 nm. An absorbance value above 3.0 confirms a high concentration of unique pigments – 3-deoxyanthocyanidins. Antioxidant activity analysis showed the presence of water-soluble and fat-soluble components. According to the perfomaned calculations, the base theoritical yield of the liquid exstract during technology scaling amounts to 788.6 kg, and considering technological scaling coefficients, it reaches up to 906.9 kg from the volume of husks generated during the processing of 1 ton of sorghum grain. The research results prove the efficiency of using sorghum husks as a source of natural colorants and antioxidants. The proposed approach allows for the transformation of agricultural waste into a valuable resource. This reduces the environmental burden on ecosystems and provides a safe "green" alternative to synthetic dyes. The implemented technology increases the environmental and economic efficiency of agro-industrial waste recycling, contributes to the formation of sustainable production systems at the regional level, and ensures the rational use of bioresources.
BIODIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE FOOTHILLS OF ALMATY
This article is devoted to the study of the biodiversity of medicinal plants in the mountainous area surrounding Almaty. The species composition of the flora was investigated using standard floristic analysis methods. A register (cadastre) of medicinal plants was compiled, including 53 species from 40 genera and 18 families. The greatest species diversity was found among the families Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Fabaceae. Particular attention was paid to studying medicinal plants with antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Plants used in both scientific and traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, respiratory conditions, skin disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathologies were identified. The results of the study can be used for the development of environmental protection programs, rational use of plant resources, and the provision of medicinal raw materials for the population.
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF ENDEMIC TRANS-ILI ALATAU SPECIES (CRATAEGUS DSUNGARICA, ROSA WEBBIANA, BERBERIS HETEROPODA) AND THEIR HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL AS DETERMINED BY GC-MS ANALYSIS
Medicinal plants are considered promising sources of natural geroprotective agents due to their ability to reduce oxidative stress, suppress chronic inflammation, and slow the progression of age-related pathologies. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted of compounds isolated from ethanol extracts of the leaves of three endemic species of the Alatau flora - Crataegus dsungarica Zabel. ex Lange., Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle, and Berberis heteropoda Schrenk. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The separation of components was performed on a DB-WaxEtr capillary column using helium as the carrier gas; the identification of compounds was based on the Wiley 7th edition and NIST’02 spectral libraries. Among the identified compounds, the sesquiterpenoids azulene-4,7-diol (27.42%) and phytol (5.77%), known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were predominant. Terpene alcohols - neophytadiene and phytol - as well as higher alkanes were detected in the leaves of Crataegus dsungarica. The leaf extract of Berberis heteropoda is dominated by phytol (44.58%), supplemented by neophytadiene (7.47%) and 1,2,3,5-cyclohexantetrol (16.55%). The combination of identified compounds-terpenoids, phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, and their derivatives - suggests that they have promising geroprotective effects; Further experimental studies are needed to verify this, focusing on the antioxidant effects, mitochondrial protection, and regulation of lipid metabolism.
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION RESEARCH IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: A QUANTITATIVE AND THEMATIC REVIEW (2019-2024)
Inclusive education has become a key priority of educational policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, reflected in national legislation and strategic development programs. Along with the expansion of inclusive practices, the number of academic publications devoted to inclusive education has increased. However, the structure and thematic focus of this research field remain insufficiently systematized. The present article aims to analyze the current state of research on inclusive education in Kazakhstan through a quantitative and thematic review of scientific publications. Given the aim of mapping the eLIBRARY-indexed segment of national academic discourse, the study was designed as a structured thematic review based on the eLIBRARY database. Using the keywords “inclusion” and “Kazakhstan” within the humanities domain, 946 publications were initially identified. After applying relevance criteria, 96 publications were included in the final analytical corpus. The selected studies were classified according to educational level and dominant research focus. The results demonstrate a clear predominance of research on secondary and preschool inclusive education, as well as studies addressing teacher readiness and professional competence. Inclusive education in higher education is represented by a significantly smaller number of publications and is often examined in a fragmented manner. The findings highlight structural imbalances within the eLIBRARY-indexed national research landscape and point to underexplored areas requiring further scholarly attention, particularly at the institutional and higher education levels.
THE RESEARCH TASK WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL TASKS
The article is devoted to analyzing the status of the research task within the system of teachers' professional tasks. Despite the recognized significance of teachers' research activity in normative documents and scholarly literature, a unified approach to classifying professional tasks that incorporates the research component has not yet been formed. The aim of the study is to determine, through a comparative analysis of normative documents of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as scholarly literature, what status the research task has in existing classifications of teachers’ professional tasks. The study is of a theoretical and analytical nature. The materials include normative documents of the two countries (the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education of the Russian Federation, editions of 2016 and 2018; the Professional Standard “Teacher” of the Republic of Kazakhstan, editions of 2022 and 2025; the Rules of Teacher Attestation of the Republic of Kazakhstan; the Rules for Awarding the Title “Best Teacher” of the Republic of Kazakhstan), as well as monographs, dissertations and articles by domestic and foreign researchers. The methods of content analysis, comparative analysis, and typologization were applied. The results reveal that five approaches to defining the professional task can be identified: through the structure “goal - conditions - sought-after element”; through its function in the system of teacher training; through the cognitive component; through the normative framework of professional standards; and through the connection with the teacher’s professional duty. The comparison of normative classifications of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan revealed that they are built on different bases: types of tasks in the FSES of Higher Education and qualification categories in the Professional Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In scholarly classifications, the research task appears implicitly within the structure of solving any type of task, and simultaneously as a distinct subject with a detailed typology. It is established that the research task is recognized as significant by all approaches under consideration; however, its status within the system of teachers’ professional tasks remains uncertain.
CONDUCTING TEACHING EXPERIMENT ACCORDING TO THE UPDATED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
The article provides for the preparation of a summative assessment by sections on the topic «Alternating Current» in physics in accordance with the updated educational program. The purpose of this article is to determine the level of students' knowledge by conducting a summative assessment on a structured section of the subject physics. The main objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge and skills of students in the section «Alternating Current», as well as to determine the level of assimilation of theoretical and practical aspects of this topic, develop assessment criteria, draw up various tasks (theoretical questions, practical tasks, experimental work), and conduct an assessment according to the established criteria. As a result of the study, a summative assessment of 11th-grade students of a small school in the North Kazakhstan region was conducted and analyzed. During the experiment, special attention was paid to the level of assimilation of the material by students and the completion of tasks.
APPLICATION OF GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN SCHOOL STUDENTS' PROJECT ACTIVITIES: METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND SOFTWARE REVIEW
The contemporary educational paradigm is characterized by active integration of innovative technologies into the learning process. Geographic information systems represent a promising toolkit for implementing school students' scientific projects, providing opportunities for working with spatial data, their visualization and comprehensive analysis of natural and socio-economic phenomena. The article presents a systematized analysis of theoretical foundations for GIS application in education and examines main thematic areas of school research projects. Special attention is paid to comparative analysis of available GIS software for educational purposes. Functional capabilities of seven software products are analyzed: QGIS, ArcGIS Online, Google Earth Pro, SAGA GIS. Advantages and limitations in the context of school education are identified for each program. Methodological approaches to organizing project activities have been developed, including six main stages: from topic selection to results presentation. The proposed methodological recommendations cover issues of interdisciplinary integration, practical orientation of projects, use of open data and software. Research results demonstrate significant potential of GIS technologies for developing research competencies, spatial thinking and digital literacy of students. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using presented materials for implementing geoinformation technologies in the educational process of secondary schools.
APPLICATION OF INNOVATIONS IN THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF KAZAKHSTAN
The Republic of Kazakhstan is a major oil exporter, ranking second in the CIS after Russia in hydrocarbon reserves and crude oil production. As the national oil and gas company, KazMunayGas is modernizing infrastructure, implementing innovations, and promoting the development of brownfields. The purpose of the article is to analyze the investment policy in the oil industry, their dynamics, investments in scientific research and innovation, as well as support for research and development (R&D) that contribute to the economic efficiency of enterprises. The objectives are to identify the main aspects of innovation activity; conduct an analysis and evaluation of innovation activity; and propose ways to improve innovation activity. The scientific novelty lies in the justification of the transition from extensive production to digitalization of the industry, the implementation of modular technologies (Industry 4.0) and a comprehensive analysis of the oil and gas sector. The article utilizes general scientific methods to reveal the main content of the work. The study highlights the need for diversification, the introduction of new technologies to enhance competitiveness, and an increase in the share of innovative products. In conclusion, it was concluded that in the foreseeable future, the oil industry of Kazakhstan will remain an important sector of the national economy.
THE BAI AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION IN NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN: A RECONSTRUCTION BASED ON ARCHIVAL MATERIALS OF THE 1920S
This article analyzes the socio-economic profile of the bai class in Northern Kazakhstan at the end of the 1920s, based on archival materials of the North Kazakhstan Region and recent historical scholarship. Special attention is given to the economic structure of bai households, their property stratification, and their social functions within the traditional aul system. A consolidated district-level dataset reveals several types of bai—ranging from large-scale livestock owners to mid-level and small proprietors who were classified as “bai” primarily for political reasons. The study demonstrates that the bai institution represented a complex social structure combining economic leadership, lineage-based mediation, and administrative authority. The novelty of this research lies in reconstructing the regional specifics of the bai institution in Northern Kazakhstan and identifying the mechanisms behind the political transformation of the bai image into that of a “class enemy” on the eve of the confiscation campaign of 1928–1930. The article concludes that the policy of eliminating the bai class was aimed not only at seizing property but also at dismantling the traditional social structure of the aul, which shaped the subsequent trajectory of collectivization in the region.
TRANSCASPIAN REGION IN THE NOTES OF RUSSIAN AND EUROPEAN WOMEN TRAVELERS
This article is devoted to the trip of Russian and European women in the Trans-Caspian region, during their tourist tour along the Trans-Caspian railway. The educational raids of these representatives of the "weaker sex" took their rightful place along with men, dominating in the journalistic and literary sphere. Young ladies and young ladies were actively involved in the public life of the new time. These enlightened women with indescribable passion tried to contribute to the knowledge of the way of life of new societies. The important contribution made by women travellers is of particular significance for the scientific study of Central Asia. The important contribution made by women travelers is of significant importance for the scientific study of Central Asia. The article provides travel notes of women researchers: P.S. Uvarova, V.F. Dukhovskaya, B. Kennedy and A. Mikin. These women managed to visit many areas of the Trans-Caspian region, get acquainted with the life and everyday life of the Turkmen people. They were fortunate to meet some khans and elders who played a special role in the history of their people. A special place in their materials is given to the position and role of women in Turkmen society. Women's costumes, outfits, jewelry and wedding ceremonies are described. This data allows us to re-evaluate the state of Turkmen society in the 19th century. The indigenous inhabitants of the oasis, who strictly adhered to the centuries-old customs of their past life, are gradually beginning to accept the new elements of the new era.
BIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVE AS A FORM OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY: HOW THE STORY OF ZHUMABEK AKHMETOVICH TASHENOV IS TOLD
The article examines biographical narrative as a form of collective memory and national identity. A biographical narrative is a coherent and meaningful story about one’s own life that a person creates and continually revises in order to form an identity, understand their life path, and convey their story to the world. In this study, the biographical narrative approach is applied to the life and activities of Zhumabek Akhmetovich Tashenov, a prominent statesman of Kazakhstan’s recent history. The authors used narrative, discursive, and hermeneutic analysis methods in their research. The source base consists of scholarly publications, memoirs, and media materials related to the life and activities of the statesman, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, Z. Tashenov. The results of the study show that the image of Z. Tashenov performs the functions of historical representation and symbolic legitimization of national values, and that the biographical narrative serves as a means of strengthening collective memory and patriotic consciousness. The authors were able to demonstrate how an individual biography is transformed into an element of cultural memory.
INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED WHEAT PROTECTION AGAINST RUST IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN
The studies evaluated the effectiveness of two schemes for applying protective agents and fertilizers on spring wheat of the Likamero variety, as well as their impact on the distribution pattern and crop yield. The main difference between the application regimens was in the dosage of drugs. Both schemes used combined fungicides (benzisothiazolinone + tebuconazole, cresoxime-methyl) and fertilizers (amino acids, monopotamiumphosphate, humic fertilizers) during the key stages of development: tillering, flowering, and grain filling. In parallel, phytosanitary monitoring was carried out, which showed the absence of pests in all variants of the experiment. During the studies, the following results were obtained: in the control area (without treatments), rust damage accounted for 97.2% of the affected leaves, while in the variants with a dosage of 700 ml/ha, this indicator on days 7 and 14 was 34.7% and 38.2%, respectively. In the variant with an increase in the dose to 900 ml / ha, these indicators were at the level of 22.5% and 27.3%. Despite the best indicators of protection in the spread of the disease in Scheme 2, weak shoots and sparse grass stand were noted, which in turn led to a shortage of crops. In our opinion, this was due to the high dosage during the seed processing period, which caused the delay in the germination phase. In general, when determining the biological yield, the following results were recorded: on the control – 35.3 c/ha, according to the first scheme-39.4 c/ha and 26.7 c/ha according to the second scheme.
SURVIVAL RATE OF POTATO PLANTS IN VIVO DEPENDING ON PLANTING DATE IN THE NORTH-EAST OF KAZAKHSTAN
This article examines the survival characteristics of potato plants produced by microclonal propagation, depending on their planting dates in the conditions of Northeast Kazakhstan. Particular attention is paid to the influence of agroclimatic factors during the early growing season – including temperature conditions, the timing of the end of spring frosts, soil warming, and the accumulation of effective temperature – on plant adaptation processes following transfer from in vitro to in vivo conditions. The study is based on an analysis of domestic and foreign scientific publications, agrometeorological observation data, and regional climatic characteristics. It has been established that the effectiveness of adaptation and subsequent plant survival are determined by the combined influence of planting dates, the physiological state of the plants, and varietal characteristics. The most favorable conditions for survival are formed when the average daily air temperature rises steadily above 8–10°C and the risk of return frosts decreases. The results obtained indicate the need for a differentiated approach to selecting planting dates for potato plants and can be used in developing recommendations for improving the technology of growing seed potatoes in the conditions of Northeast Kazakhstan.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FEED AGROPHYTOCENOSES FOR PASTURES IN THE FOREST-STEPPE ZONE OF NORTHERN KAZAKHSTAN
The development of a sustainable forage base is one of the key factors for livestock production in Northern Kazakhstan. In the forest-steppe zone of the region, natural pastures are characterized by low productivity due to grassland degradation, insufficient presence of valuable forage species, and irrational land use practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productivity and forage value of various forage agrophytocenoses composed of perennial legume and grass species intended for haymaking and pasture use. Field experiments were conducted during 2024–2025 on the production fields of “Service-ZHARS” LLP located in the Kyzylzhar district of the North Kazakhstan region. Nine agrophytocenosis variants, including monocultures and multi-component grass mixtures, were studied. Plant height, stand density, green and dry biomass yield, and forage nutritional value were assessed. The results showed that legume-grass agrophytocenoses demonstrated the highest productivity. The “Green Line Alpha Protein” mixture (75% alfalfa Medicago sativa L. + 25% tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) produced the highest yield in the second year of growth, reaching 191.2 c/ha of green biomass and 49.3 c/ha of dry matter, which was 4.4 times higher than that of the natural pasture control. High productivity was also recorded for the mixtures “Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) + alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)” and “sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) + festulolium + timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)”. The obtained results confirm the prospects of using legume-grass agrophytocenoses to improve pasture productivity and strengthen the forage base of livestock farming in Northern Kazakhstan.
MODERN APPROACHES FOR CALCULATING ROD STABILIZATION SYSTEMS FOR WIDE-AREA SPRAYERS
This article examines the need to improve the design of a field sprayer boom manufactured by AVAGRO LLC to enhance the competitiveness of agricultural machinery. It substantiates the need to transition from empirical design to digital modeling methods to ensure reliability and reduce metal consumption. An analysis of existing boom stabilization systems (pendulum, trapezoidal, and active) is conducted, identifying their advantages and disadvantages when operating at high speeds and in challenging terrain. The main focus of the paper is on proposing a rational strength calculation scheme based on the finite element method for dynamic analysis of a sprayer boom. A procedure for constructing a finite element model in specialized software packages is presented. The results of the study confirm that implementing the developed finite element analysis method at the design stage helps reduce metal fatigue failure and decrease the material consumption of the structure by 15–20% without compromising strength characteristics.
SYNTHESIS OF A MODAL REGULATOR BASED ON THE ACKERMANN FORMULA FOR A SYSTEM WITHOUT OVERSHOOT
In this paper, a synthesis of a modal regulator for a DC electric drive is performed, described by a linear dynamic model given by equations in the state space. The scientific novelty lies in the reasoned choice of the location of the real poles (p1=-4, p2=-5, p3=-6), which guarantees an aperiodic transient process with a control time of 1 s. The possibility of modal control based on the controllability criterion is proved. The practical significance of the work is to develop a method for eliminating static errors using the Ackermann formula (scaling factor km = 2.67) without changing the dynamic properties of the system. A block diagram has been constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment, and the transient characteristics of a closed system have been obtained and analyzed. The results confirmed the achievement of zero overshoot and zero steady-state error.
GRAPH NEURAL NETWORKS AS A TOOL FOR MONITORING AND DETECTING ANOMALIES IN CLOUD SYSTEMS
Cloud infrastructure anomalies cause significant downtime and financial losses. Traditional anomaly detection methods fail to capture complex dependencies in microservice architectures. This paper presents a novel Temporal-Attentive Graph Autoencoder (TAGAE) framework for cloud anomaly detection, leveraging Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to model topological relationships and temporal dynamics. Our method integrates multi-source telemetry (logs, metrics, traces) into a unified graph structure, utilizes anomaly amplification layers for enhanced sensitivity, and employs focal loss for data imbalance mitigation. Evaluated on Azure-DIAD and GCP datasets, TAGAE achieves 94.2% F1-score and 96.5% AUC-PR, reducing detection latency by 63% compared to GraphSAGE. We further analyze robustness under 40% noise/missing data and propose federated GNNs for privacy-preserving deployment.
AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF MODERN ADAPTIVE METHODS FOR STREAM DATA PROCESSING IN REAL-TIME SYSTEMS
Real-time systems process continuous, non-stationary data streams while adhering to strict latency constraints and employ adaptive learning mechanisms to ensure a stable level of prediction reliability. Current methods for achieving this goal typically prioritize either model accuracy or computational scalability over the integration of an adaptive learning method into a streaming environment. The objective of this study is to systematically review state-of-the-art adaptive learning methods for real-time streaming data processing using a multi-step methodology including bibliometric analysis, a systematic literature review, and a structured comparative synthesis. A total of 58 studies were analyzed to identify patterns in adaptive capabilities, architectural integration approaches, and overall system performance evaluation. The results revealed a consistent tradeoff between adaptivity and deterministic latency, as well as a lack of cross-layer coordination and performance measurement. Based on the analytical synthesis of the reviewed literature, a conceptual cross-layer analytical framework supporting the integration of adaptive learning and distributed streaming systems is proposed. Methodological recommendations for the design of adaptive systems demonstrating a high level of performance while maintaining stable operation in dynamic, non-stationary environments are presented.
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING WITH LOAD FORECASTING FOR SMART HOME ENERGY MANAGEMENT
This paper proposes H-UPF (Hybrid Universal Policy with Forecasting), a hybrid intelligent framework for scalable sequential decision-making in heterogeneous environments under uncertainty. The architecture integrates probabilistic multi-horizon forecasting via a Temporal Fusion Transformer with continuous control via Proximal Policy Optimization, embedding predictive quantile distributions directly into the agent’s state representation. A Dynamic Adaptation Layer normalizes observations relative to instance-specific scales, enabling zero-shot policy transfer across environments with 18.5× variability in operating characteristics — without inter-agent communication or per-instance retraining. Validated on two real-world residential energy management datasets (REFIT: 20 UK households; CityLearn: 6 US buildings with real PV profiles), the framework achieves 88.4% of the theoretical optimum in zero-shot transfer, outperforming meta-learning (MAML-PPO) by 8.4 percentage points (Wilcoxon p = 0.003, Cohen’s d = 1.42). Ablation analysis identifies the adaptation layer as the dominant contributor (−16.2 p.p. upon removal), while probabilistic forecasting adds +6.8 p.p. through proactive scheduling. The learned policy is robust to reward parameter variations (≤3.2 p.p. sensitivity across 5× range) and supports practical deployment: 9.8 h one-time training, 18.4 ms inference per control step.
DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM FOR MONITORING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF BUILDING FACILITIES
In the course of the study, the structure of a distributed wireless system for monitoring the technical condition of construction facilities was developed, and a step-by-step algorithm for the system's operation and an algorithm for handling errors were created. The developed system was tested in laboratory and field conditions. The system includes sensors for acceleration, gyroscope, light, CO₂ concentration, temperature, and humidity. The study proposes solutions to a number of pressing issues, including remote monitoring of high-rise buildings, bridges, and underground structures, reducing the cost and technical complexity of cable systems, developing an affordable and adaptable domestic system as an alternative to expensive foreign solutions, and ensuring early detection of object deformations and prevention of emergencies. It has been proven that the developed wireless system functions stably under real operating conditions (with changing weather conditions and interference). The absolute errors of the magnetometer and temperature sensors have been calculated, and it has been established that their values are within the acceptable limits. The system's flexibility has also been identified, allowing for its scaling not only in the construction industry but also in the fields of energy, agriculture, and meteorology. Data is transmitted to the ThingSpeak server in real time, which allows for prompt forecasting of the object's condition. The error information obtained through statistical processing confirms the accuracy of the system's measurements. The use of research results and developed algorithms enables the rapid implementation of the system in various industries with minimal changes to the software code, resulting in time and financial savings. The article is the result of research work within the framework of the IRN project AP26197145 “Development of a distributed wireless Wi-Fi system for monitoring the technical condition of buildings and structures” within the framework of grant funding from the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2025-2027.
METHODOLOGY FOR MULTI-CRITERIA EVALUATION OF DIGITAL RETAIL PLATFORMS: INTEGRATION OF MCDA, WEB ANALYTICS, AND UX DATA
The article presents a methodology for multi-criteria evaluation of digital retail platforms based on the integration of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), web analytics, and UX data. The proposed hybrid model combines AHP and TOPSIS methods, enabling the formalization of expert preferences and the construction of an integral ranking of alternatives. The methodology incorporates heterogeneous data sources, including quantitative web metrics, qualitative UX assessments, and mystery shopping results. Principles of data normalization, criteria weighting, and the algorithm for calculating the integral score are described. The methodology was tested on datasets from online stores and offline retailers, confirming its stability, interpretability, and applicability for assessing digital maturity and user experience quality. The results can be used for UX auditing, interface evaluation, digital product management, and strategic e-commerce analysis.
IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN EDUCATION: THE POTENTIAL OF VIRTUAL, AUGMENTED, AND MIXED REALITY
This article presents the results of an empirical study examining the potential of immersive technologies—Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR)—in the professional training of future teachers within the context of the digital transformation of education. The study aims to identify pedagogical competencies developed through the use of immersive educational environments and to analyze the advantages and limitations associated with implementing VR/AR/MR technologies in educational practice. The methodological framework is based on J.C. Flanagan’s Critical Incident Technique and the Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) developed by P.C. Smith and L.M. Kendall, adapted for the analysis of teachers’ digital competencies. The study involved 186 engineering students enrolled in teacher training programs. The findings indicate that participants primarily associate the use of VR/AR/MR technologies with the development of communicative, informational, and technological competencies, while also perceiving immersive environments as a means of enhancing interactivity and the practical orientation of learning. At the same time, several factors limiting technology implementation were identified, including insufficient digital preparedness of educators, infrastructural constraints, and organizational barriers. The findings suggest that, according to the participants’ perceptions, the effectiveness of immersive technologies may be associated not only with the technological availability of solutions but also with teachers’ level of digital competence and the quality of technology integration into the educational environment.
VIOLATION OF THE NORM IN ORAL SPEECH AND ITS NATURE
This article examines linguistic norms in spoken language and their characteristics, classified by type, taking into account the opinions of scholars. The purpose of the article is to identify errors and violations of linguistic norms in the spoken language of modern society, especially among young people, and to demonstrate ways to eliminate them and the importance of linguistic norms. Based on the research, the nature of violations of norms in colloquial speech is shown, opinions on linguistic norms are comparatively analyzed, the place of violations of norms in the usage of young people is determined, and they are divided into 5 types. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and classification of violations of norms based on the works of such scholars as M.Balakaev, R.Syzdykova, A.Baitursynuly, as well as additional dictionaries. As a result of the analysis, we are convinced of the great importance of applying linguistic norms in spoken language.
FEATURES OF REGIONAL TOPONYMS ASSOCIATED WITH COLOUR NAMES
The article examines the lexical-semantic, word-formation, and ethnocultural features of regional toponyms of North Kazakhstan Region formed with components denoting colour and animal coat colour. The study aims to determine the motivational function of colour components in place names, to reveal their semantic shades and structural models. The research material comprises 92 toponymic units of North Kazakhstan Region containing components denoting colour and animal coat colour: «white», «black, dark», «yellow», «red», kоk «blue/green», «light grey, pale», ala «variegated», tory «bay», «reddish-bay», «dun», «brown, dark chestnut», and «spotted, mottled». These units were identified from regional toponymic dictionaries, reference works, and scholarly studies on the toponymy of North Kazakhstan Region. The research applies descriptive, semantic, word-formation, ethnolinguistic and comparative methods. The findings show that colour components in toponyms denote not only the external colour of an object, but also landform features, water quality, vegetation, pastoral experience, and traditional ideas of purity, sacredness and fertility. The results are systematised in tables that present the main semantic groups and word-formation models of toponyms with colour components.