ІРІ ҚАРА МАЛДЫҢ КӨҢІН, ЖАПЫРАҚ ТӨСЕНІШІН ЖӘНЕ ШАБЫЛҒАН КӨГАЛ ШӨБІН ӨҢДЕУ АРҚЫЛЫ АЛЫНҒАН ВЕРМИКОМПОСТТАРДЫҢ АЗОТ БАЛАНСЫ ЖӘНЕ МИКРОБИОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ СИПАТТАМАЛАРЫ

Сиыр көңі, тал-терек жапырақтарының аралас төсеніш қалдықтары және шабылған көгал шөбі негізінде алынған вермикомпосттардағы азоттың орташа жалпы мөлшері тиісінше 1,92; 1,64 және 2,15% құрады. Сиыр көңі мен түскен жапырақтарды вермикомпосттау барысында жалпы азот мөлшерінің артуы тиісінше 39% және 50% болды. Шабылған көгал шөбін вермикомпосттау кезінде жалпы азот мөлшері 26%-ға төмендеді. Azotobacter бактерияларының белсенділігі ең жоғары деңгейде шабылған шөп негізіндегі вермикомпосттарда байқалып, 98% құрады. Жапырақ төсеніштері негізіндегі вермикомпосттарда бұл көрсеткіш 85%, ал көң негізіндегі вермикомпосттарда шамамен 70% болды. Шабылған көгал шөбін өңдеу нәтижесінде алынған вермикомпосттар аммонификаторлар (10¹⁰ КОЕ/г), нитрификаторлар (6*10⁶ жасуша/г) және бейорганикалық азотты пайдаланушылар (1,4х10¹⁰ КОЕ/г) мөлшері бойынша басқа нұсқалардан жоғары болды. Вермикомпосттардағы жалпы азот мөлшері мен аммонификаторлар мөлшері арасында өте күшті оң корреляция анықталды (r = 0,9999). Жалпы азот мөлшерінің балансы (вермикомпосттағы азот мөлшері мен бастапқы қоспалардағы азот мөлшері арасындағы пайыздық айырмашылық) вермикомпосттардағы бейорганикалық азотты пайдаланушылар мөлшерімен теріс корреляцияда болды (r = -0,97).

1. Pramanik P., Chung Y.R. Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: Documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost // Waste Management. – 2011. – Vol. 31. – P. 1169–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.12.017

2. Sharma K., Garg V.K. Vermicomposting of waste: A zero-waste approach for waste management // Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches. – 2019. – Vol. 1. – P. 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64200-4.00010-4

3. Gomez-Brandon M., Dominguez J. Recycling of solid organic wastes through vermicomposting: Microbial community changes throughout the process and use of vermicompost as a soil amendment // Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. – 2014. – Vol. 44(12). – P. 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.763588

4. Hussain N., Abbasi S.A. Efficacy of the vermicomposts of different organic wastes as "clean" fertilizers: State-ofthe-art. // Sustainability. – 2018. – Vol. 10(4). – P. 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041205

5. Dhadse S., Khan S. Microbial-assisted rapid vermistabilization of paddy straw residue: a sustainable resource recovery approach. // Discover Agriculture. – 2025. – Vol. 3. – P. 265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00452-9

6. Dominguez J., Edwards C.A. Biology and ecology of earthworm species used for vermicomposting. // Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. – Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011. – P. 27–40

7. Ferreira P.H.F., Cruz V.H., Frias Y.A., Barretto V.C. de M., Lopes P.R.M. Vermicompost: a pathway to transform organic waste into substrate for seedling production. // Discover Agriculture. – 2025. – Vol. 3. – P. 166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00326-0

8. Chowdhury A., Sarkar A. Vermicomposting–The sustainable solid waste management. // Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World. – 2022. – Vol. 1. – P. 701–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90463-6.00013-0

9. Sharma K., Garg V.K. Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality produced from rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.). // Bioresource Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 24(8). – P. 7829–7836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.101

10. Raimondo M., Simeone G. Di R., Coppola G.P., Zaccardelli M., Caracciolo F., Rao M.A. Economic benefits and soil improvement: Impacts of vermicompost use in spinach production through industrial symbiosis. // Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. – 2023. – Vol. 14. – P. 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100845

11. Cazier E.A., Pham T., Cossus L., Abla M., Ilc T., Lawrence Ph. Exploring industrial lignocellulosic waste: Sources, types, and potential as high-value molecules. // Waste Management. – 2024. – Vol. 188. – P. 11–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.029

12. Porichha G.K., Hu Y., Rao K.T., Xu Ch.Ch. Crop residue management in India: Stubble burning vs. other utilizations including bioenergy. // Energies. – 2021. – Vol. 14(14). – P. 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144281

13. Lan K., Zhang B., Yao Y. Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication. // One Earth. – 2022. – Vol. 5. – P. 944–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.07.001

14. Parzych A. Urban Leaf Litters as a Potential Compost Component. // J. of Ecological Engineering. – 2022. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 250–260. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/146327

15. Vargas-Soplín A.J., Meyer-Aurich A., Prochnow A., Kreidenweis U. Alternative uses for urban autumn tree leaves: A case study in profitability and greenhouse gas emissions for the city of Berlin. // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2024. – V. 470. – P. 143290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143290

16. Narula G.B., Soni K., Vadakan A.B., Sharma Sh., Notnani P., Ghai N., Kanika G. Bio-organic approach for monitoring the plant growth for sustainable agriculture. // Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology. – 2023. – Vol. 4(2). – P. 161–173. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.04.02.06

17. Gnanasekaran R., Jerin R.S., Dhanalakshmi M., Abinaya M., Priyadharshini B., Sharmilee D., Udayamathi M. Utilization of Lagerstroemia speciosa dry leaf litter combined with cattle dung for the production of enriched vermicompost–a possibility of valorization. // International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. – 2023. – Vol. 12(4). – P. 699–708. https://doi.org/10.30486/IJROWA.2023.1977455.1580

18. Jayakumar P., Natarajan S. Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. // Springerplus. – 2013. – Vol. 1. – P. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-1-26

19. Karthikeyan M., Gajalakshmi S., Abbasi S.A. Effect of storage on the properties of vermicompost generated from paper waste: With focus on pre-drying and extent of sealing. // International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. – 2014. – Vol. 5. – P. 291– 301. https://doi.org/0.1007/s40095-014-0135-z

20. Emperor G.N., Kumar K. Microbial population and activity on Vermicompost of Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida in different concentrations of tea waste with cow dung and kitchen waste mixture. // International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. – 2015. – Vol. 4(10). – P. 496–507

21. Chen Y., Chang S.K.C., Chen J., Zhang Q., Yu H. Characterization of microbial community succession during vermicomposting of medicinal herbal residues. // Bioresource Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 249. – P. 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.021

22. Gopalakrishnan S., Vadlamudi S., Bandikinda P., Sathya A., Vijayabharathi R., Rupela O., Kudapa H., Katta K., Varshney R. K. Evaluation of Streptomyces strains isolated from herbal vermicompost for their plant growth-promotion traits in rice. // Microbiological Research. – 2014. – Vol. 169. – P. 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2013.09.008

23. Nweke I.A. Plant nutrient release composition in vermicompost as influenced by Eudrilus eugenae using different organic diets. // Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment. –2013. – Vol. 5(11). – P. 346–351. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2013.0401

24. Ramos R.F., Santana N.A., de Andrade N., Romagna I.S., Tirloni B., Silveira A.O., Domínguez J., Jacques R.J.S. Vermicomposting of cow manure: Effect of time on earthworm biomass and chemical, physical, and biological properties of vermicompost. // Bioresource Technology. – 2022. – Vol. 345. – P. 126572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126572

25. Pradnya I.N., Am A.I., Pradani H.R. Effects of Eudrilus eugeniae Worms and Cow Manure on the Vermicompost Process of Household Organic Waste. // IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2023. – Vol. 1203. – P. 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1203/1/012052

26. Molavi F., Ebrahimi A.A., Meibodi M.N., Ehrampoush M.H., Eslami H., Mokhtari M. Effects of different vermicomposting process with cattle manure in the removal of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics. // Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 20287–20299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04264-z

27. Yazdi F.G., Mokhtari M., Meibodi M.N., Sefidkar R., Hatami B., Molavi F., Ghafourzadeh M., Golshiri A., Ebrahimi A.A. Bioconversion of cow manure through vermicomposting: effects of tylosin concentration on the weight of worms and manure quality. // Scientific Reports. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 12575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62839-w

28. Kurovsky A.V., Petrochenko K.A., Godymchuk A.Y. Physicochemical aspects of recycling tree leaf litter in the south of Western Siberia by the Eisenia fetida (Savigny) vermiculture. // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2019. – Vol. 226. – P. 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/226/1/012009

29. Kornievskaya E., Kurovsky A., Babenko A., Petrochenko K., Sechko O. Microbial structure of nitrogen utilizers in Populus nigra L. compost and vermicompost // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2020. – Vol. 433. – P. 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/433/1/012001

30. Kurovsky A., Kornievskaya E., Gummer Ya., Babenko A., Saratchandra Babu M. The balance of nitrogen forms and number of microorganisms of the nitrogen cycle in vermicomposts based on leaf litter and cow manure // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2021. – Vol. 935. – P. 012002. https://doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/935/1/012002

31. Adhikary S. Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review. // Agricultural Sciences. – 2012. – Vol. 3. – P. 905–917

32. Kurovsky A., Kornievskaya E., Gummer Ya., Jibril M.S., Ogra I.O., Babenko A. The Comparison of the Vermicomposting of Cattle Dung and Leaf Litter as Sustainable Ways of Increasing the Nitrogen Concentration for Plant Nutrition and Soil Recovery // Organic Fertilizers – Their Role in Sustainable Agriculture. – London: IntechOpen Limited, 2025. – P. 1‒11.

33. Kaushik P., Garg V.K. Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida // Bioresource Technology. – 2003. – Vol. 90, No 3. – P. 311–316

34. Suthar S. Bioremediation of domestic sewage sludge through vermitechnology // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. – 2009. – Vol. 155, No 1-4. – P. 263–274.

35. Pan F., Zhang J., Tang J., Chen B. Soil aggregate and organic nitrogen distributions as influenced by vermicompost application in vegetable greenhouse. // Scientific Reports. – 2025. – Vol. 15. – P. 22407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06286-1

36. Zheng G., Hao X., Hong B., Jiang D., Qian H., Bai L. Thermophilic-vermicomposting enhances nitrogen retention and reduces greenhouse gas emissions via microbial gene regulation. // International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. – 2026. – Vol. 207. – P. 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106231