koz"Вестник Северо-Казахстанского университета имени Манаша Козыбаева"Bulletin of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University2958-003X2958-0048М. Қозыбаев атындағы СҚУ10.54596/2958-0048-2026-3-67-76koz-2922Research ArticleБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИBIOLOGICAL SCIENCESБАЛАНС АЗОТА И МИКРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ВЕРМИКОМПОСТОВ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫХ ПРИ ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ НАВОЗА КРС, ЛИСТОВОГО ОПАДА И СКОШЕННОЙ ГАЗОННОЙ ТРАВЫBALANCE OF NITROGEN AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERMICOMPOSTS OBTAINED FROM THE PROCESSING OF COW MANURE, LEAF LITTER, AND MOWN GRASShttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-5483-6809КорниевскаяЕ. В.KornievskayaE. V.

Томск

Senior Lecturer of the Department of Agrobiotechnologies

Tomsk

e_biotech@mail.tsu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2362-5578КуровскийА. В.KurovskyA. V.

Томск

Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Agrobiotechnologies

Tomsk

a.kurovskii@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-9303-2754JibrilM. S.JibrilM. S.

Томск

Дутсе

PhD-student, Department of Agrobiotechnologies; Lecturer and Researcher

Tomsk

Dutse, Nigeria 

jibrilmohammedsani@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-0713OgraI. O.OgraI. O.

Томск

Нсукка, штат Энугу, Нигерия

PhD-student, Department of Agrobiotechnologies; Research Associate

Tomsk

Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

ograisrael@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-802XYangeI. A.YangeI. A.

Томск

Мкар, Нигерия

PhD-student, Department of Agrobiotechnologies; Assistant Lecturer

Tomsk

Mkar, Nigeria

Yangeatese@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-1662-4721JafreyM. S. A.JafreyM. S. A.

Томск

Лахор, Пенджаб, Пакистан

PhD-student, Department of Agrobiotechnologies; Chief Consultant Agribusiness

Tomsk

Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

safeer.jafrey@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1481-629XБабенкоА. С.BabenkoA. S.

Томск

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head and professor of the Department of Agrobiotechnologies

Tomsk

andrey.babenko.56@mail.ruНациональный исследовательский Томский государственный университетРоссияNational Research Tomsk State UniversityRussian FederationНациональный исследовательский Томский государственный университет; Федеральный университет ДутсеНигерияNational Research Tomsk State University; Federal University DutseNigeriaНациональный исследовательский Томский государственный университет; Международный центр биотехнологии ЮНЕСКОРоссияNational Research Tomsk State University; UNESCO International Centre for BiotechnologyRussian FederationНациональный исследовательский Томский государственный университет; Университет МкараРоссияNational Research Tomsk State University; University of MkarRussian FederationНациональный исследовательский Томский государственный университет; 5BinQain Agro ServicesНигерияNational Research Tomsk State University; BinQain Agro ServicesNigeria20263009202603 (71)6776Copyright © Корниевская Е.В., Куровский А.В., Jibril M.S., Ogra I.O., Yange I.A., Jafrey M., Бабенко А.С., 20262026Корниевская Е.В., Куровский А.В., Jibril M.S., Ogra I.O., Yange I.A., Jafrey M., Бабенко А.С.Kornievskaya E.V., Kurovsky A.V., Jibril M., Ogra I., Yange I., Jafrey M., Babenko A.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestnik.ku.edu.kz/jour/article/view/2922

Среднее общее содержание азота в вермикомпостах на основе коровьего навоза, смешанного ивово тополиного листового опада и скошенной газонной травы составило 1,92, 1,64 и 2,15% соответственно. Увеличение общего содержания азота в процессе вермикомпостирования коровьего навоза и опавших листьев составило 39% и 50% соответственно. При вермикомпостировании скошенной газонной травы общее содержание азота упало на 26%. Актуальная активность бактерий Azotobacter была выше всего в вермикомпостах на основе скошенной травы - 98%. Для вермикомпостов на основе листового опада этот показатель составил 85%, для вермикомпостов на основе навоза - около 70%. Вермикомпосты, полученные при переработке скошенной травы превосходили другие варианты по содержанию аммонификаторов (1010 КОЕ/г), нитрификаторов (6*106 кл./г) и утилизаторов неорганического азота (1.4*1010 КОЕ/г). Установлена очень сильная положительная корреляция (r=0,9999) между содержанием общего азота и содержанием аммонификаторов в вермикомпостах. Баланс содержания общего азота (процентная разница между содержанием азота в вермикомпостах и исходных смесях) отрицательно коррелировал с содержанием утилизаторов неорганического азота в вермикомпостах (r= -0,97).

The mean total nitrogen content in vermicomposts based on cow manure, a mixture of willow–poplar leaf litter, and mown grass amounted to 1.92, 1.64, and 2.15%, respectively. The increase in total nitrogen content during vermicomposting of cow manure and leaf litter was 39% and 50%, respectively. During vermicomposting of mown grass, the total nitrogen content decreased by 26%. The actual activity of Azotobacter bacteria was highest in vermicomposts based on mown grass (98%). For vermicomposts based on leaf litter, this indicator was 85%, while manure‑based vermicompost was 70%. Vermicomposts obtained from mown grass surpassed other variants in the content of ammonifiers (1010 CFU/g), nitrifiers (6×106 cells/g), and inorganic nitrogen utilizers (1.4×1010 CFU/g). A very strong positive correlation (r = 0.9999) was established between the total nitrogen content and the content of ammonifiers in vermicomposts. The balance of total nitrogen content (percentage difference between nitrogen content in vermicomposts and initial mixtures) correlated negatively with the content of inorganic nitrogen utilizers in vermicomposts (r = –0.97).

коровий навозопавшая листва ивы и тополяскошенная газонная трававермикомпостобщий азотаммонификаторынитрификаторыутилизаторы неорганического азотасвободноживущие азотфиксирующие микроорганизмыcow manurewillow–poplar leaf littermown grassvermicomposttotal nitrogenammonifiersnitrifiersinorganic nitrogen utilizersfree living nitrogen fixing microorganismsReferencesPramanik P., Chung Y.R. Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: Documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost // Waste Management. – 2011. – Vol. 31. – P. 1169–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.12.017Pramanik P., Chung Y.R. Changes in fungal population of fly ash and vinasse mixture during vermicomposting by Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida: Documentation of cellulase isozymes in vermicompost // Waste Management. – 2011. – Vol. 31. – P. 1169–1175. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.12.017Sharma K., Garg V.K. Vermicomposting of waste: A zero-waste approach for waste management // Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches. – 2019. – Vol. 1. – P. 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64200-4.00010-4Sharma K., Garg V.K. Vermicomposting of waste: A zero-waste approach for waste management // Sustainable Resource Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches. – 2019. – Vol. 1. – P. 133–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64200-4.00010-4Gomez-Brandon M., Dominguez J. Recycling of solid organic wastes through vermicomposting: Microbial community changes throughout the process and use of vermicompost as a soil amendment // Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. – 2014. – Vol. 44(12). – P. 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.763588Gomez-Brandon M., Dominguez J. Recycling of solid organic wastes through vermicomposting: Microbial community changes throughout the process and use of vermicompost as a soil amendment // Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. – 2014. – Vol. 44(12). – P. 289–312. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/10643389.2013.763588Hussain N., Abbasi S.A. Efficacy of the vermicomposts of different organic wastes as "clean" fertilizers: State-ofthe-art. // Sustainability. – 2018. – Vol. 10(4). – P. 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041205Hussain N., Abbasi S.A. Efficacy of the vermicomposts of different organic wastes as "clean" fertilizers: State-ofthe-art. // Sustainability. – 2018. – Vol. 10(4). – P. 1205. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su10041205Dhadse S., Khan S. Microbial-assisted rapid vermistabilization of paddy straw residue: a sustainable resource recovery approach. // Discover Agriculture. – 2025. – Vol. 3. – P. 265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00452-9Dhadse S., Khan S. Microbial-assisted rapid vermistabilization of paddy straw residue: a sustainable resource recovery approach. // Discover Agriculture. – 2025. – Vol. 3. – P. 265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00452-9Dominguez J., Edwards C.A. Biology and ecology of earthworm species used for vermicomposting. // Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. – Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011. – P. 27–40Dominguez J., Edwards C.A. Biology and ecology of earthworm species used for vermicomposting. // Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Wastes, and Environmental Management. – Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2011. – P. 27–40Ferreira P.H.F., Cruz V.H., Frias Y.A., Barretto V.C. de M., Lopes P.R.M. Vermicompost: a pathway to transform organic waste into substrate for seedling production. // Discover Agriculture. – 2025. – Vol. 3. – P. 166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00326-0Ferreira P.H.F., Cruz V.H., Frias Y.A., Barretto V.C. de M., Lopes P.R.M. Vermicompost: a pathway to transform organic waste into substrate for seedling production. // Discover Agriculture. – 2025. – Vol. 3. – P. 166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-025-00326-0Chowdhury A., Sarkar A. Vermicomposting–The sustainable solid waste management. // Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World. – 2022. – Vol. 1. – P. 701–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90463-6.00013-0Chowdhury A., Sarkar A. Vermicomposting–The sustainable solid waste management. // Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World. – 2022. – Vol. 1. – P. 701–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90463-6.00013-0Sharma K., Garg V.K. Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality produced from rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.). // Bioresource Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 24(8). – P. 7829–7836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.101Sharma K., Garg V.K. Comparative analysis of vermicompost quality produced from rice straw and paper waste employing earthworm Eisenia fetida (Sav.). // Bioresource Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 24(8). – P. 7829–7836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.101Raimondo M., Simeone G. Di R., Coppola G.P., Zaccardelli M., Caracciolo F., Rao M.A. Economic benefits and soil improvement: Impacts of vermicompost use in spinach production through industrial symbiosis. // Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. – 2023. – Vol. 14. – P. 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100845Raimondo M., Simeone G. Di R., Coppola G.P., Zaccardelli M., Caracciolo F., Rao M.A. Economic benefits and soil improvement: Impacts of vermicompost use in spinach production through industrial symbiosis. // Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. – 2023. – Vol. 14. – P. 100845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100845Cazier E.A., Pham T., Cossus L., Abla M., Ilc T., Lawrence Ph. Exploring industrial lignocellulosic waste: Sources, types, and potential as high-value molecules. // Waste Management. – 2024. – Vol. 188. – P. 11–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.029Cazier E.A., Pham T., Cossus L., Abla M., Ilc T., Lawrence Ph. Exploring industrial lignocellulosic waste: Sources, types, and potential as high-value molecules. // Waste Management. – 2024. – Vol. 188. – P. 11–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.07.029Porichha G.K., Hu Y., Rao K.T., Xu Ch.Ch. Crop residue management in India: Stubble burning vs. other utilizations including bioenergy. // Energies. – 2021. – Vol. 14(14). – P. 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144281Porichha G.K., Hu Y., Rao K.T., Xu Ch.Ch. Crop residue management in India: Stubble burning vs. other utilizations including bioenergy. // Energies. – 2021. – Vol. 14(14). – P. 4281. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144281Lan K., Zhang B., Yao Y. Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication. // One Earth. – 2022. – Vol. 5. – P. 944–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.07.001Lan K., Zhang B., Yao Y. Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication. // One Earth. – 2022. – Vol. 5. – P. 944–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.07.001Parzych A. Urban Leaf Litters as a Potential Compost Component. // J. of Ecological Engineering. – 2022. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 250–260. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/146327Parzych A. Urban Leaf Litters as a Potential Compost Component. // J. of Ecological Engineering. – 2022. – Vol. 23(4). – P. 250–260. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/146327Vargas-Soplín A.J., Meyer-Aurich A., Prochnow A., Kreidenweis U. Alternative uses for urban autumn tree leaves: A case study in profitability and greenhouse gas emissions for the city of Berlin. // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2024. – V. 470. – P. 143290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143290Vargas-Soplín A.J., Meyer-Aurich A., Prochnow A., Kreidenweis U. Alternative uses for urban autumn tree leaves: A case study in profitability and greenhouse gas emissions for the city of Berlin. // Journal of Cleaner Production. – 2024. – V. 470. – P. 143290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143290Narula G.B., Soni K., Vadakan A.B., Sharma Sh., Notnani P., Ghai N., Kanika G. Bio-organic approach for monitoring the plant growth for sustainable agriculture. // Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology. – 2023. – Vol. 4(2). – P. 161–173. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.04.02.06Narula G.B., Soni K., Vadakan A.B., Sharma Sh., Notnani P., Ghai N., Kanika G. Bio-organic approach for monitoring the plant growth for sustainable agriculture. // Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology. – 2023. – Vol. 4(2). – P. 161–173. https://doi.org/10.11594/jaab.04.02.06Gnanasekaran R., Jerin R.S., Dhanalakshmi M., Abinaya M., Priyadharshini B., Sharmilee D., Udayamathi M. Utilization of Lagerstroemia speciosa dry leaf litter combined with cattle dung for the production of enriched vermicompost–a possibility of valorization. // International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. – 2023. – Vol. 12(4). – P. 699–708. https://doi.org/10.30486/IJROWA.2023.1977455.1580Gnanasekaran R., Jerin R.S., Dhanalakshmi M., Abinaya M., Priyadharshini B., Sharmilee D., Udayamathi M. Utilization of Lagerstroemia speciosa dry leaf litter combined with cattle dung for the production of enriched vermicompost–a possibility of valorization. // International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. – 2023. – Vol. 12(4). – P. 699–708. https://doi.org/10.30486/IJROWA.2023.1977455.1580Jayakumar P., Natarajan S. Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. // Springerplus. – 2013. – Vol. 1. – P. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-1-26Jayakumar P., Natarajan S. Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. // Springerplus. – 2013. – Vol. 1. – P. 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-1-26Karthikeyan M., Gajalakshmi S., Abbasi S.A. Effect of storage on the properties of vermicompost generated from paper waste: With focus on pre-drying and extent of sealing. // International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. – 2014. – Vol. 5. – P. 291– 301. https://doi.org/0.1007/s40095-014-0135-zKarthikeyan M., Gajalakshmi S., Abbasi S.A. Effect of storage on the properties of vermicompost generated from paper waste: With focus on pre-drying and extent of sealing. // International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering. – 2014. – Vol. 5. – P. 291– 301. https://doi.org/0.1007/s40095-014-0135-zEmperor G.N., Kumar K. Microbial population and activity on Vermicompost of Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida in different concentrations of tea waste with cow dung and kitchen waste mixture. // International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. – 2015. – Vol. 4(10). – P. 496–507Emperor G.N., Kumar K. Microbial population and activity on Vermicompost of Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia fetida in different concentrations of tea waste with cow dung and kitchen waste mixture. // International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. – 2015. – Vol. 4(10). – P. 496–507Chen Y., Chang S.K.C., Chen J., Zhang Q., Yu H. Characterization of microbial community succession during vermicomposting of medicinal herbal residues. // Bioresource Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 249. – P. 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.021Chen Y., Chang S.K.C., Chen J., Zhang Q., Yu H. Characterization of microbial community succession during vermicomposting of medicinal herbal residues. // Bioresource Technology. – 2018. – Vol. 249. – P. 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.021Gopalakrishnan S., Vadlamudi S., Bandikinda P., Sathya A., Vijayabharathi R., Rupela O., Kudapa H., Katta K., Varshney R. K. Evaluation of Streptomyces strains isolated from herbal vermicompost for their plant growth-promotion traits in rice. // Microbiological Research. – 2014. – Vol. 169. – P. 40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2013.09.008Gopalakrishnan S., Vadlamudi S., Bandikinda P., Sathya A., Vijayabharathi R., Rupela O., Kudapa H., Katta K., Varshney R. K. Evaluation of Streptomyces strains isolated from herbal vermicompost for their plant growth-promotion traits in rice. // Microbiological Research. – 2014. – Vol. 169. – P. 40–48. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.micres.2013.09.008Nweke I.A. Plant nutrient release composition in vermicompost as influenced by Eudrilus eugenae using different organic diets. // Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment. –2013. – Vol. 5(11). – P. 346–351. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2013.0401Nweke I.A. Plant nutrient release composition in vermicompost as influenced by Eudrilus eugenae using different organic diets. // Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment. –2013. – Vol. 5(11). – P. 346–351. https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2013.0401Ramos R.F., Santana N.A., de Andrade N., Romagna I.S., Tirloni B., Silveira A.O., Domínguez J., Jacques R.J.S. Vermicomposting of cow manure: Effect of time on earthworm biomass and chemical, physical, and biological properties of vermicompost. // Bioresource Technology. – 2022. – Vol. 345. – P. 126572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126572Ramos R.F., Santana N.A., de Andrade N., Romagna I.S., Tirloni B., Silveira A.O., Domínguez J., Jacques R.J.S. Vermicomposting of cow manure: Effect of time on earthworm biomass and chemical, physical, and biological properties of vermicompost. // Bioresource Technology. – 2022. – Vol. 345. – P. 126572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126572Pradnya I.N., Am A.I., Pradani H.R. Effects of Eudrilus eugeniae Worms and Cow Manure on the Vermicompost Process of Household Organic Waste. // IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2023. – Vol. 1203. – P. 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1203/1/012052Pradnya I.N., Am A.I., Pradani H.R. Effects of Eudrilus eugeniae Worms and Cow Manure on the Vermicompost Process of Household Organic Waste. // IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2023. – Vol. 1203. – P. 012052. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1203/1/012052Molavi F., Ebrahimi A.A., Meibodi M.N., Ehrampoush M.H., Eslami H., Mokhtari M. Effects of different vermicomposting process with cattle manure in the removal of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics. // Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 20287–20299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04264-zMolavi F., Ebrahimi A.A., Meibodi M.N., Ehrampoush M.H., Eslami H., Mokhtari M. Effects of different vermicomposting process with cattle manure in the removal of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim antibiotics. // Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 20287–20299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04264-zYazdi F.G., Mokhtari M., Meibodi M.N., Sefidkar R., Hatami B., Molavi F., Ghafourzadeh M., Golshiri A., Ebrahimi A.A. Bioconversion of cow manure through vermicomposting: effects of tylosin concentration on the weight of worms and manure quality. // Scientific Reports. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 12575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62839-wYazdi F.G., Mokhtari M., Meibodi M.N., Sefidkar R., Hatami B., Molavi F., Ghafourzadeh M., Golshiri A., Ebrahimi A.A. Bioconversion of cow manure through vermicomposting: effects of tylosin concentration on the weight of worms and manure quality. // Scientific Reports. – 2024. – Vol. 14. – P. 12575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62839-wKurovsky A.V., Petrochenko K.A., Godymchuk A.Y. Physicochemical aspects of recycling tree leaf litter in the south of Western Siberia by the Eisenia fetida (Savigny) vermiculture. // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2019. – Vol. 226. – P. 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/226/1/012009Kurovsky A.V., Petrochenko K.A., Godymchuk A.Y. Physicochemical aspects of recycling tree leaf litter in the south of Western Siberia by the Eisenia fetida (Savigny) vermiculture. // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2019. – Vol. 226. – P. 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/226/1/012009Kornievskaya E., Kurovsky A., Babenko A., Petrochenko K., Sechko O. Microbial structure of nitrogen utilizers in Populus nigra L. compost and vermicompost // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2020. – Vol. 433. – P. 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/433/1/012001Kornievskaya E., Kurovsky A., Babenko A., Petrochenko K., Sechko O. Microbial structure of nitrogen utilizers in Populus nigra L. compost and vermicompost // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2020. – Vol. 433. – P. 012001. https://doi:10.1088/1755-1315/433/1/012001Kurovsky A., Kornievskaya E., Gummer Ya., Babenko A., Saratchandra Babu M. The balance of nitrogen forms and number of microorganisms of the nitrogen cycle in vermicomposts based on leaf litter and cow manure // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2021. – Vol. 935. – P. 012002. https://doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/935/1/012002Kurovsky A., Kornievskaya E., Gummer Ya., Babenko A., Saratchandra Babu M. The balance of nitrogen forms and number of microorganisms of the nitrogen cycle in vermicomposts based on leaf litter and cow manure // IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. – 2021. – Vol. 935. – P. 012002. https://doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/935/1/012002Adhikary S. Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review. // Agricultural Sciences. – 2012. – Vol. 3. – P. 905–917Adhikary S. Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review. // Agricultural Sciences. – 2012. – Vol. 3. – P. 905–917Kurovsky A., Kornievskaya E., Gummer Ya., Jibril M.S., Ogra I.O., Babenko A. The Comparison of the Vermicomposting of Cattle Dung and Leaf Litter as Sustainable Ways of Increasing the Nitrogen Concentration for Plant Nutrition and Soil Recovery // Organic Fertilizers – Their Role in Sustainable Agriculture. – London: IntechOpen Limited, 2025. – P. 1‒11.Kurovsky A., Kornievskaya E., Gummer Ya., Jibril M.S., Ogra I.O., Babenko A. The Comparison of the Vermicomposting of Cattle Dung and Leaf Litter as Sustainable Ways of Increasing the Nitrogen Concentration for Plant Nutrition and Soil Recovery // Organic Fertilizers – Their Role in Sustainable Agriculture. – London: IntechOpen Limited, 2025. – P. 1‒11.Kaushik P., Garg V.K. Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida // Bioresource Technology. – 2003. – Vol. 90, No 3. – P. 311–316Kaushik P., Garg V.K. Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida // Bioresource Technology. – 2003. – Vol. 90, No 3. – P. 311–316Suthar S. Bioremediation of domestic sewage sludge through vermitechnology // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. – 2009. – Vol. 155, No 1-4. – P. 263–274.Suthar S. Bioremediation of domestic sewage sludge through vermitechnology // Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. – 2009. – Vol. 155, No 1-4. – P. 263–274.Pan F., Zhang J., Tang J., Chen B. Soil aggregate and organic nitrogen distributions as influenced by vermicompost application in vegetable greenhouse. // Scientific Reports. – 2025. – Vol. 15. – P. 22407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06286-1Pan F., Zhang J., Tang J., Chen B. Soil aggregate and organic nitrogen distributions as influenced by vermicompost application in vegetable greenhouse. // Scientific Reports. – 2025. – Vol. 15. – P. 22407. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06286-1Zheng G., Hao X., Hong B., Jiang D., Qian H., Bai L. Thermophilic-vermicomposting enhances nitrogen retention and reduces greenhouse gas emissions via microbial gene regulation. // International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. – 2026. – Vol. 207. – P. 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106231Zheng G., Hao X., Hong B., Jiang D., Qian H., Bai L. Thermophilic-vermicomposting enhances nitrogen retention and reduces greenhouse gas emissions via microbial gene regulation. // International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. – 2026. – Vol. 207. – P. 106231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2025.106231

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.