Collectivization in Northern Kazakhstan: the story of famine and family tragedies

The article examines the process of confiscation of the property of the Bais, the causes and features of famine in Northern Kazakhstan on the basis of documents from the North Kazakhstan State Archive and the memoirs of the descendants of the repressed. The fate of North Kazakhstanis in the period 1928-1933 is part of the common tragedy of the people of Kazakhstan during the totalitarian regime. The topic of hunger and collectivization remains relevant, which reveals new aspects at the regional level. The memories of the descendants of the repressed, victims of famine allow us to reveal little-known facts that were not reflected in the documents preserved in the archives. This information became possible for publication as a result of the activities of members of the regional commission for the rehabilitation of victims of mass and political repression. The article concludes that state actions on bread and meat procurement, forced settlement and collectivization led to famine, became a tragedy for the entire population of Kazakhstan.

1. I. Kameron Sara, 2015 Golod v Kazahstane v 1930-33-e gg.: sovremennve issledovanija i novve napravlenia v izuchenii voprosa [Faminein Kazakhstan in 1930-33: modern research and new direction sin the studv of the issue] URL: https://www.caa-network.org/archives/6126 [in Russ] (data obrashcheniva: 10.10.24).

2. Omarbekov T. «Golodomor v Kazahstane: prichinyi, masshtabv i itogi (1930-1933 gg.) Hrestomatiya». [«Holodomor in Kazakhstan: causes, scale and results (1930-1933) Reader»] - Almaty: «Kazak universiteti», 2011. - 203 p. [in Russ].

3. Asharshvitym. Golod: dokumentalnava hronika. Sbornik dokumentov. Vol.: 1928-1929 / Otv. Redaktor B^bdiraltyty. [Asharshvlvk. Hunger: a documentaty chronicle. Collection of documents. Vol.1: 1928¬ 1929]. - Almaty: Atam^ra, 2021. 920 p. [in Russ].

4. Materialv Gosudarstvennoi komissii po polnoi reabilitatsii zhertv politicheskikh repressii (20-50 godv XX veka). [Materials of the State Commission for the complete rehabilitation of victims of political repression (20-50s of the twentieth centmy)]. Vol.32: Politicheskie repressii v Severo-Kazahstanskoj oblasti (1920-1950-e gg.). Sbornik dokumentov i materialov. Sostaviteli: S.Z. Malikova, A.G. Ibraeva, L.A. Grivennaja, N.A. Abuov, Z.K..Kartova, A.N. Sadaev, / Pod obshh. red. E.T. Karina. - Astana, 2022. - 384 p. [in Russ].

5. Materialy Gosudarstvennoi komissii po polnoi reabilitatsii zhertv politicheskikh repressii (20-50 gody XX veka). [Materials of the State Commission for the complete rehabilitation of victims of political repression (20-50s of the twentieth century)]. Vol. 67. Наіуқ zhady. Severo-Kazahstanskaja oblast'. Sbornik vospominanij i interv'ju zhertv politicheskih repressij i postradavshih, ochevidcev sobytij i ih potomkov. Sostaviteli: S.Z. Malikova, A.G. Ibraeva, L.A. Grivennaja, N.A. Abuov, Z.K. Kartova, B.R. Sherijazdanov, A.N. Sadaev, A.K. Kuantaev / Pod obshh. red. E.T. Karina. - Astana, 2023. T.67 - 500 p. [in Russ].

6. Abylhozhin Zh.B., Kozybaev M.K., Tatimov M.B. Kazahstanskaya tragediya [Kazakhstan tragedy] // Voprosy istorii. 1989. №7. Pp. 53-71

7. Kozybaev M. K., Abylhozhin Zh. B., Aldazhumanov K.S. Kollektivizacija v Kazahstane: tragedija krest'janstva. - Alma-Ata, 1992. - 36 p. [in Russ].

8. Tatimov M.B. Sotsialnaya obuslovlennost demograficheskih protsessov. [Social conditioning of demographic processes]. - Alma-Ata, 1989. - 128 p. [in Russ].

9. Asylbekov M.H., Galiev A.B. Sotsialno-demograficheskie protsessyi v Kazahstane (1917-1980). [Socio-demographic processes in Kazakhstan (1917-1980).] - Alma-Ata: Gylym, 1991. - 192 p. [in Russ].

10. Kornilov G.E., Golod v Kazakskoy ASSR v 1930-e gg.: Istoriograficheskiy dreyf [Famine in the Cossack Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the 1930s: Historiographic drift] // Novejshaja istorija Rossii. 2023. T. 13, № 1. Pp. 99-121 URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/golod-v-kazakskoy-assr-v1930-e-gody-istoriograficheskiy-dreyf [in Russ] (data obrashcheniya: 15.10.24).

11. Abdulina A.T. «Vospominaniya ochevidtsev o golode 1930-h gg. v Kazahstane: voprosy i istochnikovedeniyai o trajenie povsednevnosti» [«Eyewitness memories of the famine of the 1930 s. in Kazakhstan: issues of source study and reflection of everyday life»] // Otantarihy. 2021. №3 (95). Pp. 92¬ 100 [in Russ].

12. SKGAF. 1648. In.1C121.

13. CSA of RK F.135, In.1. С.89.

14. Belous V.V. Peterfeld nasha Rodina. [Peterfeld is our homeland]. - Petropavlovsk, 2007. - 112 p. [in Russ].

15. Burgart L.A. Nemetskoe monokonfessionalnoye selo v Kazahstane: vozniknoveniye, razvitiye, razrusheniye (istoriko-demograficheskiy aspekt). [German mono-confessional village in Kazakhstan: emergence, development, destruction (historical and demographic aspect)] // Etnodemograficheskiye protsessy v Kazahstane i sopredelnyh territoriyah. Sbornik nauchnyh trudov XII Mejdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii. - Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2011. - Pp. 27-39. [in Russ].

16. Ablajey N.N. Kazahskiy migratsionnyiy mayatnik. «Kazahstan - Sintszyan». Emigratsiya. Repatriatsiya. Integratsiya. [Kazakh migration pendulum. «Kazakhstan-Xinjiang». Emigration. Repatriation. Integration.] - Karaganda, 2014. - 273 p. [in Russ].

17. Mendikulova G.M. Kazahskaya diaspora: istoriya i sovremennost. [Kazakh diaspora: history and modernity]. - Almaty, 2006. - 343 p. [in Russ].

18. Kabuldinov Z.E., Baltabaeva K.N., Dzhumashev A.M. i dr. Kazahi v Srednej Azii: istorijaisud'by (1920-1950) gg. [Kazakhs in Central Asia: history and destinies (1920-1950).] - Almaty, 2022. - 472 p.

19. AP RKF.141. In.1. С.3336.

20. SKGAF.22. In.1. С.15.

21. Saktaganova Z.G. Repressivnaya politika sovetskogo gosudarstva v Kazahstane v 1920-1930-e godyi [The repressive policy of the Soviet state in Kazakhstan in the 1920-1930 s] // Studia Orientalne 2012, nr 1(1) Pp. 207-219 URL: https://ceish.icm.edu.pl/ceish/element/bwmeta1.element.ois-doi1015804so2012110/c/articles-2192283.pdf.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 01.11.24).