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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">koz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">"Вестник Северо-Казахстанского университета имени Манаша Козыбаева"</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2958-003X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2958-0048</issn><publisher><publisher-name>М. Қозыбаев атындағы СҚУ</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54596/2309-6977-2022-1-112-120</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">koz-658</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ИНДУЦИРОВАННОГО МУТАГЕНЕЗА В КАЗАХСТАНСКОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ ПШЕНИЦЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>UTILIZING INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN KAZAKHSTANI WHEAT BREEDING</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чунетова</surname><given-names>Ж. Ж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chunetova</surname><given-names>Zh. Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., associate Professor of the Department of genetics and molecular biology</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Искакова</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Iskakova</surname><given-names>D. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2nd year Master's student</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аргынбаев</surname><given-names>Ш. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Argynbaev</surname><given-names>Sh. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>C.b.N. lecturer in genetics and molecular biology</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эртаева</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ertayeva</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>teacher of the Department of genetics and molecular biology</p><p>Almaty</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Казахский национальный университет им. аль-Фараби<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Al-Farabi Kazakh National University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1 (53)</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чунетова Ж.Ж., Искакова Д.М., Аргынбаев Ш.М., Эртаева Б.А., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чунетова Ж.Ж., Искакова Д.М., Аргынбаев Ш.М., Эртаева Б.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chunetova Z.Z., Iskakova D.M., Argynbaev S.M., Ertayeva B.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.ku.edu.kz/jour/article/view/658">https://vestnik.ku.edu.kz/jour/article/view/658</self-uri><abstract><p>Мутагенное действие физических факторов и химических веществ (азиридин или этиленимин, нитрозоэтилмочевина, нитрозоэтиленмочевина) приводит к увеличению спектра наследственной изменчивости в селекционных целях, что, однако, изучено не в полной мере. Экологическое изучение действия антропогенных факторов, приводящих к нарушению определенных связей между химическими элементами и их соединениями, повышению концентрации тяжелых металлов в почве, облегчает изучение мутагенных и токсических свойств тяжелых металлов. Повышение урожайности пшеницы путем улучшения ее генотипа является одной из актуальнейших задач сельского хозяйства и хозяйства. В настоящее время с использованием традиционных методов селекции и генетических исследований, таких как обратный скрещивание, отдаленная гибридизация и экспериментальный мутагенез, повышена эффективность получения генетически модифицированных и улучшенных форм пшеницы [1-5]. Тяжелые металлы определяются как металлы с плотностью выше 5 г/см3. Из 90 встречающихся в природе элементов, разделенных на три класса по степени опасности, 53 считаются тяжелыми металлами и лишь немногие имеют биологическое значение. Накопление тяжелых металлов, таких как кадмий (Cd), в окружающей среде в настоящее время становится основной причиной загрязнения окружающей среды. Токсичные металлы могут инактивировать белки, сдвигая кофакторы металлов, блокируя активные центры или вызывая аллостерические изменения. Кроме того, многие из них обладают способностью вызывать мутагенные изменения, опухоли и вызывать макроскопические изменения. Молекулярный механизм токсичности тяжелых металлов до конца не изучен. Cd – неэссенциальный элемент, негативно влияющий на рост и развитие растений, выбрасываемый в окружающую среду электростанциями, системами отопления, металлообрабатывающими производствами или городским транспортом, обладающий высоким кумулятивным эффектом при практически полном отсутствии биодеградации. У растений он влияет на такие процессы, как открытие устьиц, транспирация и фотосинтез, следовательно, хлороз, скручивание листьев и задержка роста являются основными симптомами кадмийной токсичности у растений, сопровождающимися побурением корней, красно-коричневой окраской листьев. Он также может уменьшить поглощение нитратов от корней к побегам за счет ингибирования активности нитратредуктазы в побегах. Негативное действие Cd на рост растений сопровождалось увеличением отношения сухой массы к свежей во всех органах. В нескольких исследованиях было высказано предположение, что окислительный стресс может быть связан с токсичностью кадмия, либо вызывая образование свободных радикалов кислорода, либо уменьшая ферментативные и неферментативные антиоксиданты [6-9]. С другой стороны, использование индуцированного мутагенеза показало высокую эффективность при получении форм с высокой урожайностью, хлебопекарными качествами, устойчивостью к полеганию, измененной высотой и устойчивостью растений. И эта статья является попыткой суммирования результатов, выполненных нашей группой в этом направлении.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Mutagenic effect of physical factors and chemical substances (aziridine or ethylene imine, nitrosoethylurea, nitrosoethyleneurea) leads to increase of the spectrum of hereditary variability for breeding purposes, which however is not studied in full extent. Ecological study of anthropogenic factors action leading to disruption of certain links between chemical elements and their combinations, raise of heavy metals concentration in soil, facilitate examination of mutagenic and toxic properties of heavy metals. Increase in wheat yields by improving its genotype is one of the most urgent problems of agriculture and economy. At present, using traditional methods of selection and genetic studies, such as backcross selection, distant hybridization, and experimental mutagenesis, increased efficiency of obtaining genetically modified and improved forms of wheat [1-5]. Heavy metals are defined as metals having a density higher than 5 g/cm3. Of the total 90 naturally occurring elements divided into three classes by the degree of their threat, 53 are considered heavy metals and few are of biological importance. Accumulation of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) in the environment is now becoming a major cause of environmental pollution. Toxic metals can inactivate proteins, shifting metal cofactors, blocking active centers or causing allosteric changes. Besides, large number of those possesses ability of inducing mutagenic changes, tumors and causing macroscopic changes. Molecular mechanism of heavy metals toxicity is not completely understood. Cd is non-essential element that negatively affects plant growth and development, released into the environment by power stations, heating systems, metal working industries or urban traffic, which has high cumulative effect with almost no biodegradation. In plants it affects such processes as stomata opening, transpiration and photosynthesis, consequently chlorosis, leaf rolls and stunting are the main symptoms of Cd toxicity in plants accompanied by root browning, leaf red-brownish discoloration. It can also reduce the absorption of nitrate from root to shoot by inhibiting the nitrate reductase activity in shoots. The negative effect of Cd on plant growth was accompanied by an increase in dry to fresh mass ratio in all organs. Several researches have suggested that an oxidative stress could be involved in cadmium toxicity, by either inducing oxygen free radical production, or by decreasing enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants [6-9]. On the other hand, the use of induced mutagenesis showed high efficiency in the production of forms with high yield, quality bakery, lodging resistance, modified plant height and resistance. And, this paper is an attempt of summarizing results performed by our group in this direction.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>селекция</kwd><kwd>химический мутагенез</kwd><kwd>изогенно-замещенные линии пшеницы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>breeding</kwd><kwd>chemical mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>isogenic substituted wheat lines</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogdanova E.D. Epigenetic variability induced by nicotinic acid. 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