koz"Вестник Северо-Казахстанского университета имени Манаша Козыбаева"Bulletin of Manash Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University2958-003X2958-0048М. Қозыбаев атындағы СҚУkoz-159Research ArticleЕСТЕСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИNATURAL SCIENCESК ВОПРОСУ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ МИКРОЯДЕР В КЛЕТКАХ МЛЕКОПИТАЮЩИХ КАК ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯ ГЕНОТОКСИЧНОСТИ ФАКТОРОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫON THE FORMATION OF MICRONUCLEI IN MAMMALIAN CELLS AS AN INDICATOR OF GENOTOXICITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSКорниловаА. А.KornilovaA. A.

Нур-Султан

Nur-Sultan

ЖомартовА. М.ZhomartovA. M.

Алматы

Almaty

ЖапбасовР.ZhapbasovR. Zh.

Алматы

Almaty

Евразийский национальный университет имени Л.Н. ГумилеваКазахстанL.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National UniversityKazakhstanИнститут общей генетики и цитологииКазахстанInstitute of General Genetics and CytologyKazakhstan20201108202103 (48)6575Copyright © Корнилова А.А., Жомартов А.М., Жапбасов Р.Z., 20212021Корнилова А.А., Жомартов А.М., Жапбасов Р.Kornilova A.A., Zhomartov A.M., Zhapbasov R.Z.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestnik.ku.edu.kz/jour/article/view/159

Генотоксичностью принято называть способность того или иного фактора вызывать повреждения генетического материала клетки, оказывая мутагенное или канцерогенное действие. Одним из самых распространенных методов диагностики генотоксичности является микроядерный тест. Химические и физические факторы окружающей среды способны индуцировать появление микроядра на разных этапах жизненного цикла клетки. Обычно микроядро представляет собой структуру округлой формы, располагающуюся на периферии клетки, и окрашивается в цвет хроматина. Известно, что наиболее часто микроядра образуются из хромосом (ацентрическая или дицентрическая) или же представляют собой фрагменты хромосом, возникшие из-за делеции, своевременно не разошедшихся к полюсам клетки. Причинами не расхождения могут быть дефект веретена деления, повреждение самих хромосом при воздействии на них химических и физических факторов окружающей среды. Появление микроядра в клетке может оказывать как кластогенный, так и анеугенный эффект на организм. Генотоксичные факторы химической природы, обладая нуклеофильными свойствами, связываются с молекулой ДНК и способствуют повреждению ее нативной структуры, что приводит к мутациям генов, в частности, отвечающих за образование нитей тубулина или центромерных белков. Таким образом физические и химические генотоксиканты способствуют появлению одно- и двунитевых разрывов в молекуле ДНК, нарушению процессов репарации. Следовательно, действие разных генотоксичных факторов окружающей среды повышает вероятность появления в клетке такой структуры как микроядро.

Genotoxicity is usually called the ability of a factor to cause damage to the genetic material of a cell, providing a mutagenic or carcinogenic effect. One of the most common methods for diagnosing genotoxicity is the micronucleus test. Chemical and physical factors of the environment can induce the appearance of a micronucleus at different stages of the cell's life cycle. Usually, a micronucleus is a rounded structure located at the periphery of the cell, and is stained in the color of chromatin. It is known that most often micronuclei are formed from chromosomes that do not disperse in time to the poles of the cell (acentric or dicentric). Nondisjunction can be caused by a defect in the division spindle, damage to the chromosomes themselves, extrusion of chromatin, or cell death. The appearance of a micronucleus in a cell can have both clastogenic and aneugene effects. Genotoxic factors of a chemical nature, possessing nucleophilic properties, bind to a DNA molecule and contribute to the damage to its native structure, which leads to mutations of genes, in particular, those responsible for the formation of tubulin filaments or centromeric proteins. Physical genotoxicants contribute to the appearance of single- and doublestranded breaks in the DNA molecule, disruption of repair processes. Thus, the action of various genotoxic environmental factors increases the likelihood of the appearance of such a structure as a micronucleus in the cell.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.